癌症是一组可影响身体任何部位的多种疾病的通称。使用的其它术语为恶性肿瘤和赘生物。癌症的一个决定性特征是异常细胞快速生成,这些细胞超越其通常边界生长并可侵袭身体的临近部位和扩散到其它器官。后者被称为转移。广泛转移是癌症死亡的主要原因。
穿孔:以胃肠癌症多见,为瘤细胞破坏消化管壁所致,要尽快进行修补术或肿瘤局部切除。
Metastasis is widespread within the late stages of cancer and it could occur by means of the blood or the lymphatic technique or both of those. The everyday ways in metastasis are area invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymph, circulation with the entire body, extravasation to the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis.
癌症有超過一百個種類,一般可依據癌細胞原發部位來分類,例如肺癌、乳癌等;另外能根據不同組織或細胞做以下分類:
腫瘤較大但尚未擴散(癌細胞尚可被定位、手術移除,可能不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療)
參加臨床實驗的病患有機會得到其所參與實驗的新療法的幫助,但是新的治療方式並不保證會有良好的結果,新療法也可能有未知的風險,嚴重的話甚至會導致死亡。但如果新療法成功的話,接受實驗的病人可能會最先受益。臨床實驗在美國有相當嚴格的進行規範,無論是在人選的選擇以及藥物劑量都有標準操作原則。以避免研究者為了加速研發新藥物,不顧病患的權益,貿然在人體上進行高風險的新療法測試。實際上有許多例子也顯示,即使是通過嚴格標準篩選出可進入臨床實驗階段的抗癌藥物,在臨床上的結果並未如預期的有效。這樣的結果也反映癌症的多原性以及人體系統的複雜度,我們在抗癌藥物的研發上仍有漫長的路途要走。
疼痛:肿瘤因生长、转移等破坏、侵犯局部组织或神经,出现各种不同性质、程度的疼痛感,夜间痛较为明显。
癌症多采用综合治疗,以外科手术、化疗、放疗相结合为主,有需要者可结合靶向治疗、生物治疗等方法,以提高预后。
The term originates from The traditional Greek καρκίνος, this means 'crab' and 'tumor'. Greek doctors Hippocrates and Galen, between Some others, famous the similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The term was launched in English in the modern professional medical perception all around 1600.[28]
Radiation might 癌症 cause most cancers in most elements of the body, in all animals and at any age. Little ones are two times as prone to establish radiation-induced leukemia as Older people; radiation publicity just before beginning has ten situations the influence.[76]
癌症发病率随着年龄的增长而急剧上升,这很可能是因为特定癌症的风险随着年龄的增长而增加。随着年龄的增长,整体风险不断积累,而同时细胞修复机制的有效性则呈下降趋势。
Procedure is mostly the same as for non-Expecting Females. Nonetheless, radiation and radioactive medicines are normally avoided during pregnancy, particularly when the fetal dose may possibly exceed 100 cGy. In some cases, some or all treatments are postponed right up until just after start if the cancer is diagnosed late in the pregnancy.
询问患者起病情况、病程、家族史、既往病史、居住环境、个人习惯等信息。
如果能早期发现和治疗病例,则可降低癌症死亡率。早期发现包括两个部分,即:早期诊断和筛查。